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Chronology |
5500 BC - 2455 BC
Sumerian culture.
The first cities,
literature, written laws, astronomical calculations, schools, pyramids, etc. The
Sumerians spoke a Ural-Altaic like language, which in vocabulary and grammar
shows many similarities to modern Ural-Altaians. Racially they were also unlike
their Semitic neighbors.
3800-3200 BC Uruk
Period of Sumir history
2470-2326 Acadians
Semitic periods in Mesopotamia
The records are
filled with complaints from the Sumir inhabitants many of whom probably sought
refuge amongst their earlier colonies in Central Asia and other areas as well.
Every new Accad king's reign involved the putting down of new revolts.
2326-2256 Guti-Elamite
rule in Mesopotamia
The Elamite language
is also -like Sumerian- related to the early Ural-Altaic languages in structure
and vocabulary. A few early linguists had claimed that it had special affinity
to Finno_Ugrian and Hungarian.
2000 BC Linguists
estimate the time at which Hungarian broke away from the neighboring Ural-Altaic
& Finn-Ugor language family to become an independent language. This is based
on the many differences which occur in pronunciation between Hungarian and other
Finno_Ugrian languages. Naturally the location where this occurred is highly
speculative and unfortunately also very politically biased.
1766 BC China
According to
traditions which were eventually recorded, the old Chinese Hia dynastie's 17th
member, Kia was removed from his throne due to his evil ways. The son of the
emperor, Sunni returned with 500 members of his Hia nationality to his relatives
the Hun. There are still Hia in China, whose language still has many common
words with Hungarian. These may simply be common words within the Altaic
languages that are also
common with Hungarian
and therefore should not be treated as a direct link.
1200 BC
The Cimmerians begin to occupy the South Russian Steppe
c. 1100 BC The
legends of turan, recorded by the Persian Ferdusi in his book of kings "Shaname"
The book talks of
Afrasiab, the king of Turan [Also a Uygur dynasty] who is the ancestor of the
Ephtalite (White) Huns.
329-28 BC
The Invasion of Transoxiana and capture of Samarkand by
the Greeks under Alexander the Great, resulting in the rule of the Greek
Seleucids in both Bactria and Soghdiana
F. Altheim "Das
Alte Iran" writes that the Iranian Avesta's most archaic texts, the Gathas
are still not understood by today's linguists. R. Stiehlel "Geschichte
Mittelasiens im Altertum" writes in his book about the language of the old
Avesta, and it becomes quite obvious that this language is closely tied to the
ancient Altaic languages also. It is not surprising that this is the case since
the newcomers to Iran settled over the older settled inhabitants from which it
borrowed much and who are often associated with the Scythians, Turks and Finno_Ugrians
in language. Many of these local people were Iranianized over time and as a
consequence today we call certain Scythian nations also Iraninan in origin. Much
of the early Persian literature found in Persepolis is not written in Iranian
but in the language of the aboriginals speaking an Elamite language which up
till the last century was also called Scythian.
c. 200 BC
The Emergence of the Huns on the
western borders of China.
2nd century BC sees a
rise of the Hun Empire's puts pressure on the territory of Iran dislodging many
Scythian nations who were also pushed west, including the Saka-Uraka whose kings'
title was Makar.
174-161 BC
The Hsiung-nu attack the Yüeh-chih
(known in the West as the Tocharians), driving them from Gansu.
141-128 BC
The Yüeh-chih, fleeing from the
Hsiung-nu, overrun the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which is renamed Tocharistan.
138 BC
The first Chinese diplomatic
mission to the Ferghana Valley, led by Chang Chien.
130 BC Baktria
The Asi (Yazig) and
Pasiani (Petchegen/Besenyo) and the Tocharian tribes break into Sogdiana and
Baktria. The Sabir (Sabarol) tribe is also allied with them. In the next five
years two Parthian emperor loose their lives in the wars against these mounted
nomads
127 BC Chinese
records about the Kushan exodus
The Chinese record
that the "Great Yüe Chi " tribes left their homelands in Kansu and
moved to Western Turkestan. They had seven tribes which were lead by the Kushan
tribe. (Possible connection to the Hungarian Kasi tribe) They were to later
found the great Indo-Scythian empire of North India and Central Asia. Their
rulers were called the Gula/Jula term common among Hungarians, Avars, Khazars
and certain Hun tribes.
51 BC
The Hsiung-nu split into two
hordes, with the Eastern Horde subject to China.
AD 48
The Hsiung-nu Empire dissolves.
c. AD 50
Kujula Kadphises unites the Yüeh-chih
to establish the Kushan Empire, stretching from Persia to Transoxiana to the
Upper Indus.
23-79 AD Plinius
"Indum accolunt
MEGARI, .. URI, ABAORTA, OSI" talks of the Magars, Avars ?, and Yazig.
c. AD 78-144
The reign of King Kanishka over
the Kushan Empire (territory extended to include the Tarim Basin), with Buddhism
as the dominant religion
95 AD
Chinese military
expedition lead by PanChao reaches as far west as the Caspian Sea in their mad
drive to conquer the Huns. After the return home of this great military leader
PanChao dies within a year. The western provinces all revolted against China and
the power vacuum created was again filled by Hun rule.
139 AD
Ptolemaus Claudius
geographer writes of the Huns next to the Dnyper in Eastern Europe calling them
Khuni and Suni. (note Khuni is the clan/national designation while Suni is
probably from Senyu, their ruler).
150 AD Ptolemi
The central Asian
Magyars are mentioned living next to Parthia. "Quae autem juxta Parthiam et
Caramaniam desertam Mazorani tenent." Other ancient maps show the south
eastern shores of the Caspian Sea a nation called the Maxera and a similarly
named river. This was probably their eastern most outposts.
214 AD Choronei Mozes,
"The history of Armenia"
Talks of the Huns,
Chasi, and Makar/Magyar near the Sarmatian Scythians. Perhaps this is the
earliest
settlements of the
Hungarians near Baskiria, who are also called Mozeryan (ie Magyar) by the
Russians and who were the last nation to have a Sarmatian tribe. Herodotus also
has the Royal Scythians next to the Sarmatians.. but the Sar-mata term can
simply mean royal-lands.
" Sarmatai pars
altera orientalibus Sarmatae finibus, Riphaeio monte, Tanai flume, Maeotide
palude a Sarmata prima distinguitur, atque inde per Caucasos montes propter
Iberian, Albanian versus Caspium Mare partient. hae autem gentes plurimae
Sarmatiam alteran incolunt: Chasi (Kasi), Basili, Hunni, Guda-Makari,
200 AD
Dionisus Periegetes
talks of the Huns living next to the Caspian Sea.
3rd cent.
The decline of the Kushan and
Parthian Empires and the incorporation of Soghd and Bactria into Persia under
the Sassanian dynasty.
226 Persia.
The Iranians defeat
their Parthian rulers, although much of Northern Iran (Chorasan and Merv) remain
under White Hun rule until 550 AD. Eastern Iran remains under the Parthian
Surena rule while Armenia for 500 years remains under a Parthian dynasty. The
Persians rule Fars, Susiana, Mesopotamia and parts of Media. Northern and
Eastern Iran is under Hun rule and Persia often pays tribute to them.
300 BC
Ancient
Greek, Iranian, and Chinese sources placed Uygurs with their tribes, and sub-tribes
in the vast area between the west banks of the Yellow River in the east, Eastern
Turkestan in the west, and in the Mongolian steppe in the northeast.
350 AD
The Huns engulf
Baktria and Eastern Iran and Afghanistan. The white Hun Ephta tribe is the
ruling tribe (Greek Ephta, Chinese Yetha). The Persian Bukhani Kate dictionary
states the meaning of Haital to mean "big, powerful" in the dialect of
Bukhara, which in Hungarian is also "Hatal-mas". The MAS suffix is an
archaic Ural-Altlaic-Dravidian-Sumir term for "hero/brave". The
Iranian linguists believe this simply means "big".
352 AD Chronicle of
Derbent (Caucasus)
"70 years before
the birth of Mohamed (352AD), the uncountable people of the Magors apeared, who
came from the area north [north-west] of Tibet and descended on the plains of
Astrakan, here they split into two branches, one of which went north east to
live along the river Volga (Magna Hungaria of old maps or more properly Baskiria).
The other branch went further west and also founded the city of Madjar [in the
Cuban between the Caspian and Black Sea]. " It should however be mentioned
that the Madar, Mazar and Makar variations of this name appear for a very long
period before this in the Caucasus Mountains, the route by which these eastern
Magars supposedly came. However the Saka-Uraka Scythians, whose kings were
called
Makar did indeed come
from the area described by this chroniclers.. these can be viewed as the most
eastern component of the so called Makar/Magar/Magyar designation. These people
were not Huns, not Turkic and not even Altaic in origin. However the Hun tidal
wave caught up with them anyways and they were engulfed in their new empires.
The Caucasian Magyars name is recorded by the Byzanteen Emperor as Subartu
Asfalu.
4th cent.
The Mongolian Juan-juan Empire is
formed in Mongolia.
c. 370
The Huns invade Europe from the
Central Asian steppe.
372AD Europe
Under the leadership
of Balimir their king, the Huns push toward the west and defeat the Alans. They
absorbed a portion of their nation. The Hungarian legend of the miraculous hind
claims the Alan/Hun/Magyar mixing in the form of kidnapping of the Alan women
occurred next to the Sea of Meotis, which is believed by some historians to be
the Aral or Caspian Sea.
374 Ad
The Huns conquer the
eastern kingdom of the Ostrogoths and take away the territory of the Visigoths,
which they had not ruled for a long time. This was in the area of today's
Ukraine.
378 AD
A Scythian general in
the Eastern Roman Empire who is from the Saka-uraka tribe "Royal Scythians"
is also called Modar-(es). [remember the Makar title of the Saka Uraka rulers.]
404AD
The
Hun ruler Uldin helps the Roman general Honorius against the Ostrogoths.
409
The Huns occupy the
area of Bulgaria.
420-425AD The White
Huns in Transoxiana
The white Huns "Euthalite"
arrive in Transoxiana near the Amu-darya and Sir Darya rivers in Central Asia.
Their kings are
called Kagans and their queen the Katun. These are the ancestors of the Avar
Huns who later enter Europe.
434
The
king of the Huns is Ruas (Ruga or Rugulas) dies and his grandson Atilla becomes
king.
441- Pharbi Lazarus.
The Persian king
Izdegerd II. organizes a campaign against the Huns, who are called Kush and for
a full two years he battles them without success.
442-444
The Hun war against
the Persians under the rule of Jazdagard I.
448
The White Huns
establish an empire in the Oxus River Basin.
Priscos Rhetor the
Greek envoy often calls them the Kidarite Huns. The Kidara name comes from their
leader, which the Hungarian chronicles call Kadar and derives from the Samanid
clan. (Samanid dynasty of Chwarezmia)
440
The Hephthalites (White Huns,
later known in the West as the Avars) move south from the Altai region to occupy
Transoxiana, Bactria, Khurasan, and eastern Persia.
460
The Hephthalites conquer the
Kushans and invade India.
450-451
The Second Hun-Persian
War during the rule of Jazdagard II.
451
Atilla leads his
armies to the Rhine and then across central Germania to Gallia (France). Here
the Roman alliance and Hun alliance fight the famous battle of Catalaun. This
battle turns out to be a stalemate and the spread of the plague also forces both
armies to return home. The following year Attic leads an assault on the Italian
peninsula.
453
The death of Atilla
and the battles of succession so weaken his empire that it cannot contain the
revolt of the various Germanic elements.
454
Another White Hun and
Persian War under Jazdagard II.
458-484
Feruz
the Persian king asks for military help from the Huns, who under their leader
Fa-ghana (according to Firdusi) or other eastern writers Khusna-vaz help.
460
The eastern UAR and
the western HIUN tribes unite and the Hepthal becomes their ruling clan. The
European UAR and Hunnoi Avar Hun groups are of this same origin.
461 Avar-Hun Legend
"A great fog
arose from the sea scaring people and this was followed by countless number of
vultures descending on the people. For this reason they had to leave this land
and were forced to attack the Sabirs. Because the Sabirs lost their lands they
in turn attacked the Saragur, Ugor and Onogurs. These in turn asked for an
alliance and land from Byzanteum." This legend is also found in similar
form in the old Hungarian Chronicles also describing the Hungarian migration.
The vultures are often explained as the Turks who defeated and conquered the
Avars forcing them to flee. A lot of them died in these battles and some 200,000
left their lands. In their westward migration the Avars absorbed many of the
smaller fragmented Hunish tribes like the Utigur and Kutigurs as well as the
Ugor nations (Saragur, Onogur, Ugor) and the Sabir elements. Their main tribes
were the Auar [Avar], Chun [Hun], Kotzagir .
463
Priscos Rhetor, Greek
envoy
The Avars attack the
Sabirs, these in turn are forced to attack their neighbors the Sara-Gurs (White
Ogurs), then Ugors and Onogurs who move to the area of the Black Sea. The Ogur
term in the Bulgar and Hunish dialects means tribe/nation. It is from the Onogur
name that the Hungarian name is derived.
463
The Ogur Hun nations
cross the Volga River (Saragur, Onogur, Ugor)
Zakarias Rhetor,
church historian
Lists the nations
which were converted to Christianity by the Armenians in the Caucasus. Amongst
these are the Onogurs, Ogurs, Sabir, white Ogurs, Bulgars and White Huns. These
came under the guidance of the bishop of the Dori Goth Metropolis who was also
called the bishop of the "Huns and Onogurs". The references also
mention the Onogurs living at the same time in the Caucasus and the Crimean
Peninsula.
463
Zacharias Rhetor: The
Onogurs first cross the river Volga in 463.
484
North east Persia.
War between the Huns and Persians during the rule of Sufra.
485
The Avar Huns moves
west after growing pressure from Persian and Turks.
525
Zonaras: Mentions
that the Romans, under the rule of Justinius asked for military help from a
nation in the Caucasus Mountains called Hongre against the Persians.
552 or according to
others in 567
the Turks conquer the
Central Asian Avar-Hun empire. The turncoat Avar Hun chief Katalpus may have
been one reason that this Turk-Persian alliance had such a sucess. According to
the Byzanteens the Avars who entered Europe were originally the servants of the
original real Avars living on the periphery of Persia. For this reason they
separated these two nations. [originally the Turks were the servants of the Avar-Huns?]
While they called the European Avars "fake" avars, there is no
evidence that they were not the same people that also lived in Afghanistan and
northern India. The term "fake" Avars have something to do with the
fact that the original Avar or Apar term designated a Scythian and not a Hun
people who lived in Central Asia before the Huns came. The Parthians.
555
Thephilaktos Simokata
states that before the Turks came to power in Asia they first conquered the
Hephtalites (white Huns), then the Avars, then the Ogurs. After their defeat,
one portion of the Avars moved to areas north of China while the Ogur tribes
which were also called Uar and Hunnoi went toward Europe.
Menandros: The
language of the Avars is the same as that of the Huns, but they wear long braids
with ribbons in it in two braids, a habit which they borrowed from the Turks.
[While the most inner
core ruling clans of the Avars are somewhat mongoloid (Juan-Juan Hun?) the
majority were Caucasian, according to Hungarian archeologists.]
500 Kiev Chronicles.
The founders of the city of Kiev according to legends .. "There were three
brothers.., they built this city and died here. We live here today and pay
tribute to their relative nation, the Khazars. The clan of Kii built
Kiev..."
527-528 Johan Malalas
& Theophanes Byanteus
Talks of the revolt
of the Huns of the Crimea is found in two versions in the Chronicle of Malalas
and Theophanes. They inform us of the King of the Huns who converted to
Christianity.
552
The Turks destroy the Juan-juan
Empire and establish the Turkic Khaganate, nominally divided into Western and
Eastern Khanates.
553-68
The Turks and Sassanians ally to
destroy the Hephthalite Empire.
558
By the beginning of
the year 558 the Avars reached the confines of the North Caucasian area and came
into contact with the Alans. The Alan king, who was in friendly relations with
the Byzantine Empire, conveyed news of the approach of the Avars to the
commander of the Byzantine army in Transcaucasia, Justinus; who, grasping the
importance of the news, immediately sent a messenger to Constantinople. The
Byzantine diplomats made a quick decision to enter into negotiations with the
newcomers, with the object of using them against the Hunno-Bulgars who at this
time were pressing hard on Constantinople.
559
The Sabiri in the
eastern section of the North Caucasian area were the first "Hunnic??"tribe
to be attacked. Having crushed the Sabiri, the Avars raided the country of the
Utiguri (huns), on the eastern shores of the Sea of Azov in 560. The Kutigur
khan (probably Zabergan) became a vassal of the Avars. [ Note the Sabiri were
aboriginal to the Caucasus and were only converted by the eastern Huns to be
their vassals.]
582
The Turkic Khaganate officially
breaks up into Western and Eastern Khanates.
618
The Tang dynasty is established
in China.
630
The Chinese occupy Mongolia
(Eastern Turkic Khanate).
630-40
The Chinese subdue the Tarim
Basin.
659
Chinese forces penetrate into
Transoxiana (Western Turkic Khanate).
682/83
The revolt of the Turks against
the Chinese and the re-establishment of the Turkic Khanate in Mongolia.
689
The Arab occupation of Termez.
691
The reestablishment of the
Eastern Turkic Khanate in the Tarim Basin.
705
The Arabs, under Qutayba ibn
Muslim, launch a holy war against Transoxiana from Merv.
709
The Arabs capture Bukhara and
Samarkand.
711
The Arabs capture Khiva.
712
The Arabs subdue Khwarezm and
recapture Samarkand.
713
The Arabs sack Kashgar.
714
The Chinese, under emperor
T'ai-tsong, defeat the Turks at Lake Issuk-kul.
715
The end of the Arab conquest of
Transoxiana as a result of the death of Qutaiba.
728
Arab attempt to forcibly convert
Transoxiana to Islam, resulting in general revolt.
744/45
The Uighurs defeat the Turks in
Mongolia and establish the Uyghur Empire.
748
The Chinese invade the Ferghana
Valley.
749/50
The Abbasids seize the Caliphate
from the Umayyads and subsequently transfer the capital to Baghdad.
751
The Arabs defeat the Chinese at
the Battle of the Talas River.
mid-8th cent.
Semirechye and the eastern Syr
Darya come under the rule of the Qarluqs while the western Syr Darya comes under
the rule of the Oghuz (Ghuzz).
late 8th cent.
The Uyghurs convert to
Manichaeism under Khan Mei-yu (759-80).
820/21
The rise of the Tahirid Emirate
in Khurasan, extending into Transoxiana.
840
The Kirghiz replace the Uyghurs
in Mongolia, who came to Turfan and Tarim
to to establish the Uyghur Kingdom and Qarakhanid Dynasty(in 932)
867-69
The rise of the Saffarid dynasty
(Shi'ite) in Persia.
874/75
The Persian Samanid dynasty
(Sunni) obtains the administration of Transoxiana, with its capital in Bukhara,
from the Caliph.
932
The Turkic Qarakhanid dynasty is
established, with its initial center in Kashgar.
mid-10th cent.
The conversion of the Qarakhanids
and Uyghur from Buddhism to Islam under Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955).
999
The Ghaznavids defeat the
Samanids in Khurasan and the Qarakhanids capture Bukhara, the Samanid capital.
mid-11th cent.
The Qarakhanid Empire splits in
two: one rules over Western Turkestan (Transoxiana), the other over Eastern
Turkestan (the Tarim Basin).
1073
The Seljuqs defeat the
Qarakhanids.
1137
The Qarakhitai defeat the
Qarakhanids (now vassals of the Seljuqs) at Khojent.
1155 (1162? 1167?)
The birth of Chingiz Khan.
1206
Chingiz Khan becomes khan of the
Mongols.
1209
The Mongols defeat the Kirghiz of
the Yenisei, forcing them to flee south to the Tengri Tagh.
1209
The Uighurs, under Barchuq,
submit to Mongol rule.
1210
The Khwarezmians defeat the
Qarakhitais.
1215
The Mongols sack and burn Peking.
1218
The Mongols capture Semirechye
and the Tarim Basin, occupying Kashgar.
1218
The execution of Mongol envoys by
the Khwarezmian Shah Muhammad sets in motion the first Mongol westward thrust.
1227
The death of Chingiz Khan,
resulting in the division of his empire amongst his heirs, including Batu (the
Kipchak Khanate, on the Russian steppe) and Chagatai (The Chagataid Khanate, in
Transoxiana, the Tarim Basin, and Semirechye).
1270
The Uighur Kingdom is defeated by
rebels.
1284
The Uighur Kingdom is absorbed
into the Chagatai Khanate.
late 14th cent.
The Turfan Uyghurs accept Islam.
late 15th cent.
The decline of the overland trade
routes, including the Silk Road, due to a new emphasis on trade by sea.
1514
The Establishment of Saidiye
Khanate
1514-33
The rule of Khan Sayid, under
whom the capital moves from Ili to Kashgar.
early
16th cent.
The rise of the Khojas in
Kashgar, later split into the Aq-Taqliqs (white-caps) and the Qara-Taqliqs
(black-caps).
1570
The height of Oyrat Mongol power
in Jungaria and Mongolia.
1677
The end of Saidiya Khanate
1757
The Chinese defeat the Oyrats in
Jungaria.
1759
The Chinese ended rule of Khojas
in
the Tarim Basin, resulting in the Khojas fleeing to Kokand.
1820-57
The Khojas had many revolts
against Chinese rule in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin).
1864
Yaqub Beg (c. 1820-77)
establishes an independent state in Altishahr. Kashgaria
1876
The Chinese begin to end
Kashgaria
1877
Yaqub Beg dies of poisoning.
1878
Kashgar falls to the Chinese,
under Tso Tsung-t'ang.
1881
The Treaty of St. Petersburg
between Russia and China results in the return of the Ili Valley to China
1884
Xinjiang officially becomes a
Chinese province.
1811
Uyghur
uprising in Qumul against Chinese Rule
1931
Muslim revolt in Qumul Uyghur
Region . Nov. 1933
Nov. 1933.
The Turkish-Islamic Republic of
Eastern Turkestan (TIRET) is established in Kashgar.
Dec. 1933
The beginning of Soviet control
of Xinjiang under Governor Sheng Shih-ts'ai.
1937
Muslim revolt in Kashgar,
Xinjiang, resulting in Soviet military intervention.
1942
Sheng Shih-ts'ai breaks with the
Soviets and realigns Xinjiang with Nationalist China.
1942
Xinjiang again comes under the
control of the Chinese Republican government.
1944
Three Regions
revolt in Ili, Xinjiang.
Nov. 1944
The Eastern Turkestan Republic is
established in Ili.
1945-49
Civil War in China between the
Communists and the Nationalists.
June 1946
The ETR disbands as a result of a
treaty with Nationalist China.
Oct. 1, 1949
The People's Republic of China
(PRC) is established.
1955
The establishment of the Xinjiang
Uyghur Autonomous Region in China.
1958-59
The Great Leap Forward in the
PRC.
1962
Border clashes between Chinese
and Indian forces in Kashmir.
1963
The Sino-Soviet rift comes out
into the open.
1966-76
The Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution in the PRC.
1976
The death of Mao Tse-tung.
1978
The rise of Deng Xiao-ping.
1989
The rise of Jiang Zemin
1997
The death of Ding Xiaping
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